ADF (enero de 2025). "African Military Spending Up 22 %". African Defense Forum. https://adf-magazine.com/2025/01/african-military-spending-up-22/
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to-agreeing-800bn-defence-plan-ukraine
Pueden entenderse como deficiencias graves en la infraestructura militar, armamento y tecnología y que limitan la capacidad de la UE para ejecutar operaciones complejas y garantizar su seguridad (Menéndez, 2025).
El 78 % del armamento que utilizan los ejércitos europeos se adquiere del exterior, particularmente de Estados Unidos (Reija, 2025).
